Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in Aeroelastic Analysis and Structural Design Optimization

An aeroelastic analysis is based on the coupling of a structural dynamics model and an aerodynamic model, where typically, the structure is modeled by a finite-element model (FEM), and the aerodynamics is modeled by a linear panel aerodynamic model (Panel Method). More accurate aerodynamic data, such as wind tunnel data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data for the rigid configuration normally become available in the latter stages of the design process. They are then incorporated into aeroelastic analyses to refine the design.

Aircraft components, including the lifting surfaces, are manufactured to have minimal structural weight, making them light and flexible. In modern aircraft, the need to increase the range and fuel economy necessitates more lightweight structures. In military aircraft, the extreme operational conditions due to rapid combat maneuvers make the static deformations large enough to impact the aircraft’s aerodynamics. For ultra-lightweight and high aspect ratio aircraft like Swift’s Solar Powered HAPS aircraft, compliance to save weight creates equally challenging aeroelastic interactions. In both cases, there is a risk of catastrophic failure due to static wing divergence and dynamic flutter, in addition to the performance risk from the loss of aerodynamic attributes.